Evolution
“The increase of order inside an organism is more than paid for by an increase in disorder
outside this organism. By this mechanism, the second law is obeyed, and life maintains a
highly ordered state, which it sustains by causing a net increase in disorder in the Universe.”
– Erwin Schrödinger
INTRODUCTION
After 13.8 billion years of purported entropy increase we are witnessing a universe putting
on violent and fierce spectacles with incessant energy. The maxim of Rudolph Clausius that
„the entropy of the universe tends to a maximum” rings hollow. However, as discussed in
Chapter 1, the second law of thermodynamics is only true within gravitational environments.
The accelerating expansion of the universe is a constant energy generator, which increases
the entropy of the universe as a whole, but decreases the entropy of its constituents. In
gravity-free space and within gravitational regions, opposite entropic changes take place.
Evolution is an ever-increasing complexity that works through the self-organization of matter
into stars, planets, and living creatures such as us.
Charles Darwin laid down the basic idea of evolution with great insight, but in light of the
enormous progress since then in genetics and molecular biology, the basic premise that random
processes, stochastic mutations aided by selection pressure, and survival of the fittest could
have given rise to sensory, emotional, and intellectual complexity is now suspect
(Merlin, 2010, Hedges et al., 2015). The emergence of DNA repair mechanisms has reduced the
evolutionary importance of arbitrary mutations. In addition, arbitrary mutations more likely
lead to a loss of abilities than to the development of innovations. For example, domesticated
animals were vigorously selected for specific qualities. Although their sizes and colors show
amazing variety, a dog is still a dog and remains only a dog.
The Darwinian idea of evolution can produce amazing variety in sizes, colors and shapes but,
to create the complexity of fins, hearts, and the human mind, it becomes hard pressed for
answers. The Darwinian theory of evolution is in a need of a serious update (Saphiro, 2011).
From elementary particles to emotional minds, ecosystems, and societies, we often find behavior
that hints at a discrete energy structure (Wolfram 2002). When discrete structures interact,
energy imbalances can be stabilized and enhanced, leading to structural differences, i.e.,
complexity. Modification of the field curvature generates congruent energetic changes within
the Calabi–Yau torus. The system’s behavior is not arbitrary; interaction produces a memory,
which in turn becomes the source of further action, as shown by the Bayesian game theory
(Harsanyi, 1967; 1968). The increasing entropy produces conditions favorable for the emergence
of life (Wissner-Gross & Freer, 2013). Every unsuccessful attempt at life helped to channel
evolution and made the environment more favorable to life. Biological evolution is not
arbitrary; it inevitably culminates toward the emergence of the mind.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
We have seen that the two Calabi–Yau-space building blocks of the universe (matter and
emotional fermions) differ by several orders of magnitude, and form vastly different energy
levels. The universe’s accelerating expansion is a continuous creator of space. As we saw in
Chapter 1, cosmic voids have strict energy structures, so expansion generates energy. However,
within the near-Euclidean gravitational regions of the universe, energy conservation is
strictly observed. During interaction, MiDT in one emotional mind (or species) is balanced by
MaDT in the other and the concentration of MiDT and MaDT remains in equilibrium in the
universe, leading to charge neutrality (although local imbalances can form). Landauer’s
principle states the convertibility of energy and information, which also means the equality
of energy and information. This can also be recognized as the mechanism of „static” time
proven by Moreva and colleagues, and means that the universe forms an energy-neutral unit.
It is reasonable to suggest that the SF and TF represent extremely low-frequency standing
waves within a Calabi–Yau torus, which is called the universe. Thus, the universe is
stretched between the white holes and the black holes, and the expansion of the white holes
is kept in check by the enormous field strength of the black holes. Therefore,
black holes form the edge of space. The physical laws are limited to and characteristic of
the universe, which cannot be divided and from which nothing can escape. Black holes, being
the outer boundary of cosmos, seem to be an idea whose time has come. Almheiri and colleagues
(2015) examined black hole entanglement and found that their horizons must form an
impenetrable firewall. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that black holes are the
forbidding boundary of the universe.
The three layers of the universe’s elementary building blocks, the material fermions,
the mind, and the universe itself, are highly interconnected in spite of their enormously
different sizes. However, matter is completely dependent on space for its operation; the
mind can govern its bodily real estate, whereas the universe is self-contained and
self-regulating. Thus, the three elementary particles represent increasing degrees of
freedom and manifest increasing complexity. The identical structure of material fermions
and the mind indicates their fundamental connection: matter originates at a temporal point;
at zero time, whereas the mind originates at a spatial point; at zero volume. Material
fermions form spatial complexity, whereas temporal fermions give rise to mysterious and
inexplicable mental complexity. Matter fermions use up space to produce temporal evolution,
culminating in the emergence of the mind. Mental fermions consume time to form mental
expansion, the source of spatial (mental) volume.
Thus, the orthogonal orientation of elementary particles (matter and mind) form a predator-prey
relationship and embrace as yin and yang, determining each other’s future and past. The
structure of the Calabi–Yau torus, reformulating from the largest to the smallest scales,
leads to a fractal and cellular structure formulated by submanifolds in material and societal
structures.
Summary
The accelerating expansion of the universe is a constant energy generator; however, the
universe observes energy and charge neutrality. The energy structure of the Calabi–Yau torus
reappears on three levels as the building blocks matter, the mind, and the universe itself.
Its energy neutrality makes the universe an elementary fermion.
A NEW CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION
James Maxwell’s 1867 thought experiment involves a demon or a device that would select warmer
particles and channel them unidirectionally in a divided container. The warmer channel would
increase the temperature difference between the chambers and violate the second law of
thermodynamics. Maxwell’s demon, however, expresses the power of self-organization, which is
the capacity and most essential feature of living organisms to counter and even make use of
the environment’s increasing entropy.
Evolution often moves forward in seemingly chaotic processes that nevertheless have an
unescapable, directional flow. Evolution can be divided into physical, chemical, biological,
and societal phases, where the names of the phases refer to their defining parameters. The
sequential and increasingly complex steps are well separable and are characterized by
specific temperature, pressure, entropic, and oxidative qualities. Physical evolution began
at the high temperature of the Big Bang. Interactions produced the galaxies and the elements
of the periodic table. Chemical evolution proceeds on dust and ice surfaces of low-temperature
gravity-free space, where fast moving atoms freed after annihilation of stars readily assemble
into complex molecules with biological potential. Life’s nurseries are rocky and temperate
planets with mild gravity.
The narrow temperature and pressure range of Euclidean environments is ideal for biological
evolution.
Darwin’s idea was radical not only in his time; evolution continues to be controversial,
particularly in relation to the second law of thermodynamics. Evolution’s apparent drive
for order is hard to reconcile with the second law. However, organization can be viewed as
a tool that abets the entropy production of the inanimate environment. This was Schrödinger’s
insight. The possible deep connection between entropy maximization and organization, or even
intelligence, has been hinted at in fields as diverse as computer science and cosmology.
Maximum entropy production seems to describe nonequilibrium processes in physics and biology
(Matyusev 2010; Wissner-Gross & Freer, 2013). The entropy production of gravitational
environments is recognized by the second law of thermodynamics. I propose to call the
entropy-maximizing drive of the gravitational environment entropic force, which forms an
entropic pressure vis à vis membranous organisms. Entropic pressure is proportional to the
entropic changes of the environment and inversely proportional to the relative concentration
of membranous organisms. Entropic pressure becomes the source of evolutionary change which,
assisted by elementary forces, slowly accumulates useful energy (order) inside the membrane
and gives rise to self-organization—the emergence of life and evolution. The entropic pressure
of the environment is maximized in dynamic systems where the relative concentration of
membranous organisms is small. Typically, this can be found in transition states, boundary
conditions, or in species with small or fragmented population size (Nevo&Beiles, 2011). On
the surface of Earth, energy infusion (such as the energy of the sun) increases chemical
turnover. Gravity (i.e., the second law of thermodynamics) and the continuous, steady energy
input became the driving forces of biological evolution. The physical laws govern not only
the nonliving world but also the biological systems. Recognizing evolution as a fundamental
science governed by physical laws can revolutionize our ability to manipulate and manage
biological systems.